Data Normalization vs. Standardization is one of the most foundational yet often misunderstood topics in machine learning and ...

Learn how gradient descent really works by building it step by step in Python. No libraries, no shortcuts—just pure math and code made simple. Trump pulls US out of more than 30 UN bodies Lack of oil ...

ABSTRACT: The diversity of snail intermediate hosts of schistosomes and infection rates are influenced by environmental determinants. Knowledge of these local environmental determinants is an ...

Functions are the building blocks of Python programs. They let you write reusable code, reduce duplication, and make projects easier to maintain. In this guide, we’ll walk through all the ways you can ...

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ABSTRACT: In this paper, we consider a more general bi-level optimization problem, where the inner objective function is consisted of three convex functions, involving a smooth and two non-smooth ...

Caspian is written entirely with base Python and NumPy, meaning no other library or framework is required. Contains many basic tools required to create machine learning models like neural networks, ...

Abstract: In this article, we propose a distributional policy-gradient method based on distributional reinforcement learning (RL) and policy gradient. Conventional RL algorithms typically estimate the ...

One of the long-standing bottlenecks for researchers and data scientists is the inherent limitation of the tools they use for numerical computation. NumPy, the go-to library for numerical operations ...